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定义1：资源R为有标识的任何实体，是数字图书馆的基本逻辑单位，记为R(id, E)。

定义2：每个数字图书馆是一个论域(discourse)D，由资源库C₁ C_2。。。C_n（Collection）组成，资源库C_i是资源R_i（resource）的集合C_i(R_i) 。

定义3：元数据元素P为资源R的内容（语义）属性，对于每一个r∈R，有P:M_r→r。M_r 为资源r的属性P的元数据（值），且M_r∈R。

定义4：本体O为由术语T，关系V，实例I，函数F和公理A构成的五元组O(T,V,I,F,A)。

定义5：对于资源库C中的每一类资源R，如果存在属性P_r∈V，且属性值M_r∈T，或存在映射函数F: M_r→T，就称为M是资源R基于本体O的元数据。

定义6：对于一类资源R，其属性元素P_r 的数量是有限的，P_r的集合可以表达为形式化的元数据应用纲要（Application Profile）AP_r。

定义7：对于本体五元组O(T,V,I,F,A)，建立由T到V的映射的过程，即ξ:T→V，称为语义化过程。

定义8：资源库C中的资源有多种属性P_r1, P_r2, … P_rm，可以分别基于不同的本体O₁, O₂, …O_m。

定义9：资源库C₁ C_2。。。C_n 中的所有资源的所有属性如果基于不同的本体，称为语义异构。

定义10：为不同的本体建立映射、转换关系，称为本体的互操作。

定义11：论域D中的所有本体构成数字图书馆的语义架构，由完整的语义化过程所实现。

一个话题最近在国外图林中反响热烈，就是：“十招制敌：如何失去你的技术人员”（Ten Ways to Lose Your Techie Librarians）？

1. 禁止博客/维客/RSS的使用，因为这些都是技术迷们的把戏而不适合读者用户Dismiss blogs/wikis/RSS as just for the geeks not library users
2. 直到技术项目正式启动或签订合同才让技术人员参与Plan technology projects without involving them until the wheels are in motion/contracts are signed
3. 让敌视技术的图书馆员来管理技术人员Appoint a technophobe librarian to manage the techies
4. 面对技术人员与图书馆员之间存在的隔阂无能为力Allow barriers to exist that make it difficult for IT staff and librarians to plan and collaborate
5. 对于技术项目进行中出现的困难采取官僚主义的做法，久拖不决Bog down their projects in red tape and approvals that take weeks or months to get
6. 只派图书馆员参加会议，而不让图书馆员和技术人员都有机会参加各类技术或非技术的专业会议Send your seasoned librarians to conferences instead of mixing up seasoned folks & your techies to a variety of association and professional meetings, including tech-based conferences
7. 项目长期拖延，等到要执行时已经时过境迁（类似问题：项目决策长期拖延，一旦决策又要立即见效）Plan project timelines that extend so long the planned service or tech innovation is out of date before it launches
8. 对新技术嗤之以鼻，认为图书馆不用也做得很好（接近另一种类似腔调：图书馆只适用成熟技术）Pooh Pooh the idea of the Emerging Technology Committee, the library is doing just fine without it
9. 建图书馆网站只是作为事后凑数之举，并非一开始就筹划好的、实体图书馆在互联网上的一个分支（Lawrence翻译，特别鸣谢！）。Make your library Web site an afterthought not a “cyber branch” location
10. 永远只是不懂技术的人进行技术决策Always ensure that non-technical people make the important technical decisions

有人提供了相反立场的同样看法：

TOP 10 WAYS TO KEEP YOUR TECHIE LIBRARIANS:

1) Treat technology as being as important to your library as circulating books or having storytimes.
2) Try to have a “techie” on as many library teams as possible - they may see ways to leverage projects further with a little bit of “techno-juice”
3) Enable your techie librarians to attend tech conferences, not just library ones.
4) Give your techies time to “play” with new techologies - most libraries probably can’t afford the 20% of time that Google allows their engineers, but with a small investment you’ll likely see big results.
5) Encourage your organization to understand that big improvements are worth rolling out even if they aren’t (yet) perfect.
6) Realize that training expenses for technology staff are likely going to be higher than for others, and occur more often. Realize too that they will likely pay for themselves.
7) To echo Sarah Houghton, if the local job market decrees that IT workers are paid more than librarians, be prepared to match those salaries.
If you need to bring in outside help for large initiatives, please be sure that your techies are involved every step of the way.
9) Give them the tools they need to get their jobs done.
10) And, maybe even above all else, create an atmosphere where they can have fun.

Freerangelibrarian又加了七点：

1. 抠紧技术预算，特别对于技术人员的工资，削减经费首先考虑IT设备Underfund technology as much as possible. Pay particular attention to keeping a lid on technology salaries, but don’t be afraid to shave the hardware budget first and foremost when cuts must be made.
2. 当面临取消传统的没有人用的服务还是投资技术改造的选择时，总是选择保留传统服务When faced between eliminating an old service no one uses and improving technology funding, go for the old service every time.
3. 对没有图书馆学历的技术人员多多强调图书馆员的“专业性”，谁让他们不是图书馆员？Be sure to throw around the phrase “professional staff” in the presence of library tech workers who do not have library degrees. So what if they have degrees in computer science or decades of skill, if they aren’t librarians?
4. 要求技术人员完成他们不熟悉的工作，例如参考咨询。Require library technical staff to work in areas they are unfamiliar with, such as reference (and be sure to single-staff them on the ref desk at peak times). Just because you would never ask a children’s librarian to reboot a server doesn’t mean you can’t ask that a techy be ‘well-rounded.”
5. 认为技术人员就应该在奇怪的时间工作（例如周末、午夜）而不给于任何补偿Expect technology staff to routinely work weird hours without special compensation. They’re the ones who chose to go into technology; they should be willing to come in to the library Saturday at midnight to do server work.
6. 纵容奇谈怪论，诸如“技术抢夺了“真实”的图书馆工作”Make frequent comments–or simply tolerate them from staff–about how “having” to provide technology takes away from “real” library work.
7. 非技术人员不会技术是很正常的，技术人员应该前去帮助图书馆员插上主机电源——因为图书馆员认为显示器开着就应该可以工作（这是我的“本地化”翻译）。Do not expect non-technical staff to learn any technology skills whatsoever. It is perfectly reasonable for someone upgrading a server to run across the library to help someone put a bullet in Powerpoint.

我突然发现，我应该可以补充“符合国情”的“十招逼走你的技术人员”，至少十条，虽然我们并没有多少技术人员。然而为了饭碗考虑，还是略去了吧…