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推荐系统：Amazon、Pandora 和 Del.icio.us

Alex Iskold 在 RWW 上发表了一篇文章，“The Art, Science and Business of Recommendation Engines”，这是一篇非常不错的关于“Recommender Systems”的文章，推荐大家一定阅读一下。由于Google，现在大家关注的热点是“Search”，但互联网不仅仅只是 Search，应该有更多，我们也需要更多。当我们知道自己要什么的时候，我们要做的是“Search”，比如我喜欢易中天的《品三国》，我可以 google 一下，看看它会给我些什么不一样的东西。这个时候，我的目的很明确，Search 围绕我的目的，可以作很多。但更多的时候，我其实并不是明确地知道自己想要什么，我只是无聊，我不知道应该 Search 什么，我就是想随便“翻翻”。这个“翻翻”就是 Alex 文章里面说到的 “Browse”。Alex 提到了很重要的一点，在 “Browse” 的状态下，用户“需要一些建议”（open to suggestions）。这正是需要 Recommender Systems 发挥作用的时候！

Alex 总结了 3 种推荐模式，它完全是从应用的角度划分的，但基本是可以和我之前提到的学术界的 3 种划分相对应的。

  1. 个人化推荐（personalized recommendation）—— 基于个人以前的行为模式进行推荐。
  2. 社会化推荐（social recommendation）—— 基于和你相似用户以前的行为模式进行推荐。
  3. 项推荐（item recommendation）—— 基于项本身进行推荐。

当然还有这 3 种混合模式的推荐。而且通常下，一个好的推荐系统，必然也是多种推荐方法相混合。觉得推荐模式的是数据！我们不讨论 Alex 的划分。他分析了 3 个非常成功的案例：Amazon、Pandora和 Del.icio.us。

Amazon 是当之无愧的“推荐之王（King of recommendation）”，无论是从推荐的实际效果还是从对推荐的重视程度上来看，都很难再找出一个能和 Amazon 比肩的应用。“据说（rumored）” Amazon 30% 的销售是依靠推荐带来的！Amazon 自然是根据需要选择了不同的推荐方法，Alex 的分析基本正确。

Pandora 为推荐系统打开了一个新思路，Alex 形象地称之为基于“基因”的推荐。据说，Pandora 大概花了四年的时间来准备它的音乐库，分析每一首歌曲的音乐特质，提取它的基因。冷开始问题，是所有推荐系统新上线时的最大问题，Pandora 通过耐心的积累和专业的工作，换来了上线后用户对其推荐准确性和低廉进入成本的如潮好评！“绑架？我们不专业啊！”，石头里这句经典的台词，其实在玩笑间说出了一个实实在在的道理——要成就一件事情，需要专业，包括态度的专业和技术的专业。但我个人认为，如果 Pandora 仅是停留在目前这种状况，还是无法建立不可逾越的壁垒的。它需要进一步在自己和用户之间建立一种有效的反馈回路，从而不断调整自己的推荐系统。Amazon 具备这种天然的反馈回路——它可以跟踪用户对推荐产品的实际购买情况。这完全不影响用户体验，在不知不觉间就可以完成。而 Pandora 不具备此天然回路，因为听音乐通常是一种背景活动，比如我，我会边写程序边听音乐，绝大部分它推荐给我的歌曲，我都会听，很少快进或者跳过，从而使 Pandora 丧失了获取反馈的机会。以 Pandora 现有的数据基础，如果可以很好的解决这个问题，那么 Pandora 之外的音乐推荐网站就都可以干别的去了。

有没有可能把 Pandora 这种基于“基因”的推荐方法拓展开来呢？Alex 说可以使用“tag”。但我个人持保留态度。Del.icio.us 是 tag 应用的开创者，它确实为我们管理和组织信息带来了一种新的行之有效的方法。但以此为基础进行推荐可行吗？应该慎重对待此问题。tag 的使用太过于随意，因人而异差别很大，基于这种随意打上的 tag 进行推荐，风险太大。推荐系统里有句名言，“不准确的推荐，还不如不推荐”！我曾经贴过一篇关于 tag 的文章，“Manual vs. automated tagging”，也推荐大家看一看。总之，一套精心设计的、能够引导用户正确标注的 tag 系统，是围绕 tag 展开推荐的基础。

Greg 对 Alex 的文章进行了回应，“The value of recommendation engines”，同样值得一看。

一月 21st, 2007 Posted by clickstone at 04:04am | 推荐系统 | 1157 comments

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1157条评论 »

  1. Beyond Search » 推荐系统：Amazon、Pandora 和 Del.icio.us

    Alex Iskold 在 RWW 上发表了一篇文章，“The Art, Science and Business of Recommendation Engines”，这是一篇非常不错的关于“Recommender Systems”的文章，推荐大家一定阅读一下。由于Google，现在大家关注的…

    Trackback 由 匿名 | 2007-01-26

  2. “快进或者跳过”正是音乐推荐网站的一个评测指标啊。而且非常准确。没有人能忍受自己不喜欢的音乐。即便是在背景播放的情况下。

    评论 由 金色葡萄 | 2007-01-26

  3. 对，这个是个挺有用的指标。但对这个指标的收集我有一些顾虑，文中也提到了，“听音乐通常是一种背景活动，比如我，我会边写程序边听音乐，绝大部分它推荐给我的歌曲，我都会听，很少快进或者跳过，从而使 Pandora 丧失了获取反馈的机会”。当然，这完全是我个人的想法，真正情况就不得而知了，呵呵。如果这类信息的量比较大的话，对建立反馈回路还是相当有用的。

    评论 由 clickstone | 2007-01-26

  4. 呵呵， 你至少目前已经有了一个旁证，虽然不具有统计学意义。
    如果是背景播放的话，那么很难找到什么反馈的方式。或者说不可能得到每一首歌曲的反馈。对于pandora，除非我觉得这首歌特别好听或者特别难听，才会离开工作转过来评价。
    所以这个时候，就是如何利用尽可能少的资料来训练模型的问题了。
    再推广一下，就是如何选择实验对象，能够成本最低的验证或者否定模型。
    再回到音乐的问题，比如对于我的欣赏模式，已经建立了模型A和B，现在要从A,B之中选择出更佳合适的，那么下一首播放给我的歌曲x，应该是怎样的？找到一个x，使Max{|A(x)-B(x)|}

    顺便问，你可有google reader starred items？

    评论 由 金色葡萄 | 2007-01-26

  5. […] 今天切身体会了一把 Keso 的威力！Keso 仅仅是在他的“昨日新闻”里收录了我的一篇Blog，“推荐系统：Amazon、Pandora 和 Del.icio.us”，就为我的 Blog 带来了数量级的访问量提升。看看下面这组数据多么有震撼力啊！数据来源是我的 Google Analytics 帐户。 […]

    Pingback 由 Beyond Search » 推荐系统：Keso 的力量 | 2007-01-26

  6. to 金色葡萄：

    A和B的问题，其实就是我想使用反馈系统解决的问题，只有有了反馈，才能求解Max{|A(x)-B(x)|}，否则是没有评价标准的。或者以别人的数据作参考，但Pandora没有用户的信息，不太好寻找最近邻，这又是另外一个问题。训练是一个思路，但“如何利用尽可能少的资料来训练模型”，是一个有挑战的问题，呵呵。
    google reader starred items 你指的是什么？我自己倒是常会使用 google reader 的 “Add star”功能。

    评论 由 clickstone | 2007-01-26

  7. 一篇文章在3秒种之内没被人看懂的话,不是好文章

    评论 由 redleaffly | 2007-01-26

  8. to redleaffly:

    写东西时间不长，水平肯定有限，呵呵。请详细赐教，谢谢！

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