二月 28, 2007

http://www.nanfangdaily.com.cn/zm/20070208/jj/jjxw/200702080027.asp

□本报记者 马韬

中国股市深受政策的影响,投资者们对官员的讲话极度敏感,这一习惯流传至今,导致人们近期夸大理解了官员的言论。但世易时移,股市的涨跌已不可能完全由言论来左右,此轮下跌更应看作是市场自身的调整需要

“政府说话了,说股市有泡沫了。”一位投资者站在东方证券上海张杨路营业部门口的台阶上说。在他身后,很多人拥挤在营业部大厅门口,一边抽烟,一边不时地探头进去张望着电子信息屏。
电子屏幕上显示的仍然是坏消息。这是本周二上午10点40分,上证综指跌破了2600点,正处于2573点,比周一收盘时下跌40点。
在过去一周时间内,持续暴涨的中国股市遭遇到一年来最惨重的下跌行情。仅仅6个交易日,上证综指就从近3000点的高峰跌落了439点,1万多亿的市值随之蒸发。
对于数月来持续增多的股民们来说,这无疑是一次有切肤之痛的警告。即便是精明的市场人士,对此次暴跌也有意外之感。
的确,在中国股市持续上涨一年之后,不断有学者站出来向投资者发出股市存在泡沫和风险的警告。他们包括摩根士丹利原亚太区首席经济学家谢国忠、国际投资大师罗杰斯以及全国人大常委会副委员长成思危。
每当这些警告出现时,股市都会发生或大或小的下跌,其中以最近一周的跌幅最为惊人,导火索则是成思危接受外报采访时的讲话。
与这些警告相伴随的是政府的举动。为控制风险,政府从去年12月份开始限制新基金发行,今年1月开始清查银行信贷资金入市。
中国股市深受政策的影响,投资者们对政策及官员的讲话极度敏感,这一习惯遗传至今,导致人们近期夸大理解了官员的言论。但从历史的角度来看,股市的涨跌 不可能完全由言论来左右。1996年底的时候,政府用12道金牌砸向市场,最后发表《人民日报》评论员文章引导人们理性看待股市。可仅过半年,股指涨得比 12道金牌打压时的最高点还要高。

泡沫论轮番出现
一个多月前,中国股市泡沫论的首次出现缘于几只金融股的疯涨。
自2006年12月25日开始,工商银行(601398,SH),这只中国A股市场市值最大的股票脱缰狂飙,6个交易日内股价涨幅近五成,市值稍逊于工商银行的中国银行(601988,SH)亦奋勇跟随,取得了同样的涨幅。
在两大银行股的带领下,大盘蓝筹指标股群起而攻,将上证综指从2300多点一路冲破2800点。
两大银行同时也在香港上市交易,以1月6日为例,两大银行A股的最高价与其H股的股价相比,要高出三成以上。
如此大市值的股票在同股同权的情况下竟然出现这么大的跨市场价格差异,让研究机构开始谨慎,建议降低两大银行股在资产配置中比例的观点开始盛行于机构投资者中。
然而这种高估价在中国人寿(601628,SH)上市后达到巅峰,这只在香港股价只有20多元港币的股票,在A股市场最高价竟然接近50元人民币。
第一波泡沫论出现了,国外研究机构开始调低银行股的估值,并认为A股出现的这种溢价非常不理性。最初的泡沫论,是针对银行股及中石化等几只股价远高于H股品种的大盘股。
泡沫论随即引发了银行股的第一次大跌,但此时,小市值股票开始发力,从1月中旬到1月底的这段时间,指数虽然涨幅不大,但却是赚钱效应最强的时候,十几个交易日里翻番的品种层出不穷———这和前期大盘蓝筹股带领的那波几乎没有赚钱效应的500点涨幅有极大的区别。
然而,心理的强烈预期在这段小市值行情中凸显出来了,如短期股价翻番的东方宾馆、鲁银投资、工大首创,除了传闻和重组预期,没有任何实质性上涨基础。
1月8日,谢国忠发表题为“警惕股市泡沫”的文章,表示狂涨的股市将因政府的干预而终结。
与之对应,上证综指在1月10日、11日出现了200点的下跌———这已经是继银行股回调后第二次200点的跌幅。此后,越来越多的人对市场感到担心,股市在1月17日、18日再度出现200点左右的大跌。
泡沫论,终于从几只银行股逐渐扩散到了对整个市场的概括。但连续三次的下跌,都以股指迅速收回失地而告终,市场的胆子也开始越来越大。随着股指强势向上,投资者重新变得信心满满。
接下来,国际著名投资大师罗杰斯的讲话引发了股市第三次200点的狂跌。1月24日,在股指走到2994点的那天晚上,中央电视台播出了罗杰斯的节目,他表示,中国股市的风险已经巨大。
随后两天,股市出现了今年以来第四次200点量级的大跌。但市场再次以迅速收回失地为回应。此时,很多人已经认为,股市再也跌不下去了。
就在股指向3000点冲击之时,全国人大常委会副委员长成思危1月30日在接受英国《金融时报》采访时表示,中国股市正在形成泡沫,投资者面临投资行为 不理性的危险。该报同时发表社论,“中国股市或许还不是一个泡沫。不过,当中国官员开始提到泡沫一词时,投资者就应该小心了。”
这一回,股指暴跌了400多点。6个交易日,下跌400多点,跌幅近14%。
从观点出现的时间和下跌时间的吻合,不难理解一般投资者认为“市场是被人说下来的”结论。

股市究竟有没有泡沫
基于长期政策市和庄股肆虐的痛苦回忆,股市每一次大幅度下跌都会引发中国投资者对崩盘的忧思。这种惧怕政策市威力的惯性,常常会改变投资者的预期,从买入再买入迅速转变为卖出再卖出的举动,从而形成市场整体下跌的趋势。
但对众多的市场机构来说,此次暴跌并不足以使他们改变预期。
在前面出现的几轮关于股市泡沫的讨论中,市盈率(股价与每股盈利之比)作为衡量泡沫的重要指标,常常被提及。现在,中国股市的市盈率为30倍左右,截止 到今年2月2日收盘时,世界重要市场的市盈率高于中国A股市场的,只有日经225与美国纳斯达克市场,分别是37倍和35倍,其他市场一般均处于20倍左 右。
但没有机构从这个角度来衡量市场是不是有泡沫。“在经济高速增长的情况下,市盈率不是主要标准。”汇添富基金管理公司副总经理林军对记者说。
2月5日,国际投行高盛亦发表报告称:综合多种因素,泡沫论观点并不成立。
东方证券研究所近日对20家主流机构2007年度投资策略统计显示,绝大多数机构维持牛市看法,他们认为目前大体处于合理区域。此次统计的对象包括了中 金公司、国泰君安、申银万国、国信证券等11家券商研究机构和华安、广发、交银施罗德等9家基金公司,基本反映了业内主流机构对市场的看法。对于2007 年的行情,有17家机构认为还存在大约30%至40%的提升空间,长期来看,现在的A股市场仅是繁荣初期。
林军则认为,近期主要是一些动态让 市场的预期短期发生变化,如清查信贷资金入市、限制基金发行、2006年4季度CPI指数公布后让加息判断开始强化等因素,是大盘出现回调的主要因素。 “充满可投资机会,非近期一调整,市场的方向就会发生变化。”她说。她也不认为近期出现的泡沫论是导致下跌的根本因素。
前期撰文对中国股市表示担忧的谢国忠,亦在近日接受媒体采访时表示,泡沫暂时不会破裂。

市场真是被说下来的吗
中国股市的暴涨暴跌,都与几只金融股关系密切。
根据上海聚源数据公司的计算,从中国银行上市日起计算,仅十大指标股就为大盘贡献了626点,如果以两大银行股前期的最高价格计算,这个数值还将提高至800点。
市场人士认为,2994点的指数虽然高得令人目眩,但去除上证综指设计上的缺陷问题,实际指数还不及1800点。“重要的权重股全是在近半年发行的,所以在这半年多的时间指数失真是最严重的。”该机构事业部总经理陈皓表示,“大盘远没有失真的指数表现出的那么火爆。”
工商银行的市值对于上证综指意味着近两成的权重,而工商银行、中国银行及中国人寿三个品种,就占据了沪深两市总市值的一半,它们的波动与指数的波动直接相关。
此外,股改除权也给该指数带来了300点以上的涨幅。正是坚挺向上的上证综指,引导着大批投资者走进股市。据中国证券登记结算公司数据,今年1月份A股 新开户数超过138万户,是去年12月份新开户数的2.34倍———这已经超过2003年和2005年的全年新开户数。如果将以申购基金的投资者也计算在 内的话,根据申银万国研究所统计,1月份新增投资者的数量为333万。
在最近一周的股市暴跌中,金融股同样首当其冲。从上周二开始的6个交易日中,仅中国人寿、工商银行、中国银行、中国石化这4只股票在总市值的损失就达到8000亿,这意味着仅这4只股票就给上证综指带来了200点的跌幅。
此外,因为征收土地增值税的消息被市场放大理解后,房地产板块整体跌幅达两成之多,这也至少给大盘指数带来了超过100点的跌幅。在过去一年里,沪深两市的地产指数涨幅均超过300%。
由此看来,此轮股市暴跌并不全然由官员的言论所左右,而更像是市场自身回调的需要。
2月6日当天,上证综指从最低点2541点大涨136点,收于2677点,这次“绝地大反击”,多少安慰了一下如同惊弓之鸟的投资者。
管理层似乎也因股市的这次暴跌而迅速改变了态度。据《证券时报》2月7日报道,中国证监会近日重新打开闸门,批准了建信基金等5只新股票型基金的发行。
2月7日上午,承接上一个交易日136点的反转,股市再度大涨62点。一天半的升幅已近200点。

股市近期几波下跌

■1月初,国外研究机构调低金融股估值1月4日-5日,股指从2847.6跌到2617点,跌去230.6点,跌幅达8.10%

■1月8日,谢国忠等经济学家发表股市泡沫论
1月10日-12日,股指从2841.7点跌到2652.6点,跌去189.1点,跌幅达6.65%
1月17日-18日,股指从2870.4点跌到2679.7,跌去190.7点,跌幅达6.64%
■1月24日,国际著名投资大师罗杰斯指出中国股市有巨大风险
1月24日-26日,股指从2994.2点跌到2720.8点,跌去273.4点,跌幅达9.13%
■1月30日,成思危接受采访时表示,中国股市正在形成泡沫
1月30日-2月6日,股指从2980.5点跌到2541.5点,跌去439点,跌幅达14.73%

二月 27, 2007

http://finance.people.com.cn/GB/70392/5409194.html

1987年11月2日的《时代周刊》就以“崩盘”作为封面标题。

在当今的时代,随着资本经济的发展,股市深深地影响着我 们的生活,它不再单单是一种企业融资的行为,更是无数股民体验人生的所在。当股市牛劲十足,疯狂飙升时,股民喜笑颜开;当股市像一头病熊,全线跌停时,股 民心急如焚。当今天的股民沉浸于投资获利带来的幸福时,也应看到硬币的另外一面,那些股市曾经有过的重大灾难,那些黑色的记忆……

1929:“黑色星期二”

1929年10月29日,星期二,对于美国的经济以及股民来说,都是最黑暗的一天。上午10点,纽约证券交易所刚一开市,猛烈的抛单就席卷而来,“抛! 抛!抛!”所有股票成了烫手的山芋,不计价格、不计成本,只要抛掉就好,经纪人被“抛”得发晕、交易大厅一片混乱,随之而来的就是道?琼斯指数一泻千里, 股指从最高点386点跌至298点,跌幅达22%。这是纽约交易所112年历史上“最糟糕的一天”,以这个被称作“黑色星期二”的日子为发端,美国乃至全 球进入了长达10年的经济大萧条时期。

全民炒股催生股市崩盘

对于这个黑色的梦魇,所有人都陷入恐慌和怨天尤人之中,但他们没有想到,这个日子的降临恰恰是他们自己催生的。这一切都要从美国经济大发展说起。

对于美国来说,第一次世界大战是个千载难逢的黄金机会,美国利用战争大发横财,战争结束后,美国由债务国一跃成为世界最大的债权国,纽约也取代伦敦成为世界金融中心。美国经济的突飞猛进,带来的是股市一派牛气,对于股民来说,一个黄金时代来到了。

为了吸引更多的游资,美国的券商雇佣大批股票推销员,在城市的街道,在乡镇的小路,在千家万户的门前,一遍遍向民众讲述炒股的好处,但他们却从不提及炒股的风险。民众的热情被激发起来,入市炒股成为全民的投机行为。

到1928年,股市几近疯狂。在地铁中,人们纷纷指责地铁公司没有在车厢里装上电传打字电报机,以致人们在乘车途中无法炒股。在波士顿的一家工厂,所有 的车间都安放有大黑板,并有专人每隔一小时就用粉笔写上交易所的最新行情。在得克萨斯州的大牧场上,牛仔们通过高音喇叭收听电台的消息,实时了解行情。当 乘客乘坐出租车时,司机会和乘客热情地讨论股票行情,就连宾馆门口擦皮鞋的小童也会向顾客介绍当天的热门股。

大多数股民都是炒短线, 并非为了长期投资。在疯狂的投机热潮刺激下,纽约股市一涨再涨。所有投身其中的人们都未曾想到,泡沫终究有破灭的一天。当时股市的行情远远超出了经济发展 的实际情况,而且很多炒股者都是以股票作为抵押,进行信用交易,一旦投机人信心下降,就必然要增加更多的保证金,而缺乏资金的投机者就只能抛售更多的股票 来弥补,其结果就是股价进一步下跌。

1929年9、10月间,投机者的信心开始下降,股市崩盘开始于10月24日星期四的抛售狂潮, 到10月29日,股市彻底崩溃。当天美国钢铁公司的65万股股票以每股179美元出售,却找不到一个买主,于是其股价开始下跌,就像传染病一样,紧接着一 个接一个公司的股票都开始下跌,大崩盘终于来临。股票成为废纸,数字全无意义,一个煤炭公司的老板看着正在下跌的指示板,倒地死在了他经纪人的办公室里。 无数昔日的“百万富翁”一觉醒来便一贫如洗。一些开船出海游玩的富人们回来后发现,他们已变成了身无分文的贫民。当时跳楼的绝不仅仅是股价。

股市的崩溃不仅使投机者一贫如洗,随之而来的是银行业的破产,美国经济瘫痪,西方经济的大萧条。股灾彻底打击了投资者信心,一直到1954年,美国股市才再次达到1929年的水平,股灾带来的黑色梦魇不堪回首。

1987:“华尔街历史上最坏的日子”

1987年10月19日,星期一,又是一个十月,又是一段美国股民的黑色记忆。这一天美国股市又一次大崩盘,道-琼斯指数一天之内便重挫508.32 点,装了特殊程序的计算机不停地在卖,任何试图使其稳定下来的努力都失败了。仅仅一天时间,美国的股票市场就大幅度缩水,其价值超过五千亿美元。这是一个 “黑色星期一”,一个“华尔街历史上最坏的日子”。受美国股市崩盘的影响,伦敦、法兰克福、东京、悉尼、香港、新加坡等地股市也开始狂跌,“1929年的 股灾又来了吗?”巨大的恐慌在投机者心中蔓延,昔日的情景再次重现,很多人由百万富翁沦为赤贫,精神崩溃、自杀的消息不绝于耳。

与 1929年全民大炒股不同,这次危机,没有全民性的疯狂投入,但在危机爆发前,却同样是大量的热钱涌入。20世纪70到80年代,美国经济进入快速发展时 期。从1982年开始,股指便一直上扬,到1987年,股市一派繁荣景象,这种繁荣吸引了大量游资,这些游资逐利而来,在股市上疯狂抬高股价,一个虚假的 大泡沫又开始制造起来。与1929年一样,过度的炒作造成的泡沫必然会破裂。

这一天终于在10月19日降临了。当天纽约股票交易所内 阴云密布,一片紧张气氛。各种股票价格纷纷疯狂下跌,当时价格变动是如此之快,使得联系交流的电话机都不够用了,电脑屏幕上显示的速度跟不上市场实际变 化,《纽约时报》惊呼“一切都失去了控制”。就在这一天,当时世界头号首富萨姆?沃尔顿就损失了21亿美元,丢掉了第一的宝座。更悲惨的是那些将自己一生 积蓄投入股市的普通民众,他们本来期望借着股市的牛气,赚一些养老的钱,结果一天功夫便在跌落的股价之中消失得无影无踪。

比1929 年幸运的是,当时美国经济确实保持着比较高速的增长,股灾爆发只是对于投机炒作的一种调整,并没有导致整体的经济危机。事实上在股价狂跌不久,一些效益好 的公司开始回购其股票,股价在一定程度上得以稳定。但其打击却仍然巨大,随之而来的是美国经济的一段长时间的停滞。

二月 17, 2007

——十五大部委2007年政策扫描

中国仍然处在变革的年代:资源价格调整、增值税改革向中部推进、环境政策趋向更有利于保护、土地闸门收得越来越紧,中国希望通过这种变革,完成经济结构的调整,使中国经济的增长更具可持续性。

对于企业来说,这也是一个不确定性越来越多的年代。资源产品价格在调整,有些产品的出口退税没了,原材料的价格越来越高;过去办企业环保手续似乎很好 走,现在,也许你自己没怎么样,如果你所在的区域有恶性环境违规事件,一个“区域限批”,你的项目也上不了了;还有土地,对于那些搞污染高能耗的企业来 说,也许不知道什么时候就不招人喜欢了,搬家是早晚的事……

无论对于国家还是企业来说,这都是一种无法回避的变化。关键是,面对种种变化,企业是否有足够的预见,并能进行及时有效的调整。而在纷乱的信息海洋中,这似乎又是一件让人头疼,无处下手的事情。

我们试图帮助读者理清那些零散的线头,我们希望整理出一个相对完整的“路线图”,企业因此可以了解今年在政策层面可能发生的变化,从而未雨绸缪,做出相应的对策。我们相信,这些信息是企业家们应该关注,也值得关注的。因为,他们将影响着您的生意和生活。

——编者

发改委主任 马凯:“节能不仅是微观层面的问题,首先是宏观层面的问题。”

——在谈及节能问题时,马凯表示要不断优化经济结构,建立节约型的国民经济体系。为此,要努力提高低耗能的第三产业和高技术产业在国民经济中的比重,推进工业结构优化升级,调整原材料工业结构和布局,降低消耗,减少污染,提高产品档次、技术含量和产业集中度。

关键词:实现降耗目标

核心关注:

节能降耗已经成为发改委2007年的头等大事,配套的任务还有控制固定资产投资、产业结构调整、资源价格改革等一系列关系宏观经济运行的重要工作。土地 政策、行业准入、环保标准等一系列调控措施如何深入落实,新成立的医疗改革小组如何推进医改进程,以确保整个经济又快又好平稳运行,是发改委2007年工 作的重心所在。

07年政策扫描:

●产业结构调整:公布并落实2007年钢铁工业淘汰落后和结构调整重点;出台生物燃料乙醇产业发展政策与规划要点,农产品深加工专项和发展玉米深加工业应注意的问题;

●控制固定资产投资:严格限制高耗能、高耗水、高污染和浪费资源的产业及工业园区的盲目发展;制定重点行业建设用地指标,控制工业用地比重,严禁非法低价出让工业用地;起草中央预算内直接投资和资本金注入项目管理暂行办法等配套文件;

●资源性产品价格改革:缩小天然气与可替代能源的价差;实行差别水价政策;对替代型能源建立风险基金制度、实施弹性亏损补贴、原料基地补助、项目示范补助,开展煤炭资源有偿使用制度改革试点;

●实现节能减排目标,全年完成4%的节能降耗任务、2%二氧化硫的降低排放任务;

●振兴装备制造业,组织编制禁止和限制引进的重大技术装备和重大产业技术目录,联合国家开发银行等部门,研究利用产业基金支持装备制造业振兴的可行性;

●推进医疗改革,抓紧研究提出深化医药卫生体制改革的总体思路和政策措施;开展以大病统筹为主的城镇居民医疗保险试点工作;继续开展就业促进和统筹城乡就业试点,研究提出收入分配制度改革基本思路;使公共资源配置更多地向群众直接受益的方面倾斜。

央行行长 周小川:“中国的货币政策采用多目标制。”

——2006年12 月11日,周小川在出席2007年度财经年会时说:“当前,中国央行的货币政策在以维持低通货膨胀为主要目标的同时,还应综合考虑经济增长、就业、国际收 支变化等多个目标的实现。”这是央行领导人第一次公开表示,货币政策的调整不只关心通货膨胀。

关键词:紧缩性宏观调控

核心关注:

去年,央行不断出台紧缩性宏观调控政策,上调法定存款准备金4次,加息两次。今年1月又将法定存款准备金上调0.5% ,这是否预示着央行将出台更多的紧缩政策来预防中国经济过热?去年,工行、中行如期成功上市,将农行、国开行的股改推到了前台,同时人民币汇率在去年下半 年,升值幅度逐步扩大,这是否预示着加速升值阶段的到来?但与此同时,随着人民币升值,中国外汇储备进一步攀升,贸易顺差继续拉大,市场流动性泛滥,令央 行头痛的问题有增无减,央行又将如何解决?

07 年政策扫描:

●保持宏观调控的连续性和稳定性,央行本年度货币供应量M2的增长目标为16%,与去年相同;

●继续推进工商银行、中国银行和建设银行的公司治理结构,及农业银行、政策性银行的股份制改革;

●加强和改进外汇管理:严格控制短期外债;改进银行间外汇市场交易机制,增加交易品种,并进一步加强外汇储备经营管理;

●大力推动金融产品创新,推进资产证券化业务试点,进一步扩大银行间市场规模;

●加快黄金市场对外开放和产品创新;

●继续推动商业银行设立基金管理公司试点。

商务部部长 薄熙来:“要找到知识产权的破坏分子的藏匿地点很不容易,就像我们‘神通广大’的美国朋友难以找到恐怖分子一样。”

——2006年9月4日,在中国欧盟商会为庆祝中国加入WTO五周年举办的宴会上,薄熙来以其特有的“薄氏”冷幽默笑答欧美对中国知识产权问题的指责。

关键词:减少顺差

核心关注:

继2005年之后,2006年中国的贸易顺差再次破记录的达到2775亿美元,2007年1月,贸易顺差依然保持了较快的增速,顺差为158.8亿美 元,同比增长64.7%。持续增长的贸易顺差和其带动的外汇储备的进一步增长,使中国在国际贸易中更容易成为被攻击的对象。目前,中国95%的顺差来自东 南沿海,并且大部分是加工贸易。为此,薄熙来表示,“减少顺差需对我国不同省市、不同产业,区别对待。同时,促进国内消费,减少经济增长对出口的依赖。” 要把推动外贸增长模式的转变,作为减少顺差的主要途径。

07年政策扫描:

●放宽进口限制,制定税收、金融等促进政策,积极扩大资源、能源和先进技术设备的进口;

●各地要进一步清理和规范鼓励出口的措施,制定和实施有效促进政策,积极扩大本地有需求的进口;

●在减顺差过程中,也要十分关注国内经济运行特别是就业受到的影响,不要伤及贸易和经济发展的基本面;

●加工贸易是符合中国国情的一种很重要的贸易方式,今后仍要继续发展。但要优化结构,提高经济和社会效益;

●对列入禁止类目录的企业要给出路,通过制定促进政策,把这些企业转型为进口资源加工内销型企业;

●把服务业作为新一轮利用外资的重点。拓展制造业开放领域,取消或放宽对外资的市场准入限制,吸引更多外商投资高新技术产业、先进制造业和环保产业。

财政部部长 金人庆:“过去你得‘跑部钱进’,现在我来主动买单”。

——2007年1月22日,在CCTV《对话》栏目的录制现场,金人庆说,现在约自己吃饭谈事的人并不多,过去是“跑部钱进”,现在公共财政范围内的事 情,财政部都是主动买单。他强调,2007年将继续调整优化财政支出结构,加大在教育、卫生、社会保障、公共基础设施等方面的投入,财政要主动为公共服务 买单,让每个公民都享受财政提供的公共服务。

关键词:健全财力与事权相匹配的财税体制

核心关注:

适当调整和规范中央和地方的收入划分,健全财力与事权相匹配的财税体制,这是近年来地方政府呼声最高的改革之一。通过调整地方财力,界定并增强基层政府 的基本公共服务支出责任和能力。为此,财政资金将逐步减少直至退出对一般性竞争性领域的直接投入,加大转移支付力度,增加一般转移支付比例。此外,通过改 革,增强地方财力,缓解由于乡村债务而运行艰难的县乡财政状况。2007年地方政府翘首以待的是会有多大的财力增加,支持地方政府的公共服务职责。

07年政策扫描:

●加快出台新《企业所得税法》和《企业所得税法实施条例》;

●研究并制定全面实施增值税转型改革的具体方案及配套措施;

●加大转移支付力度,提高一般转移支付比例,规范专项补助;

●制定完善燃油税方案,以备择机出台;

●筹备出台《政府采购法实施条例》,为年底启动的加入WTO政府采购协定谈判;

●出台《政府非税收入管理条例》;

●完成行政事业单位资产清查工作,实施政府收支分类等改革;

●密切跟踪已经出台的房地产涉税调控政策的实施效果,不断完善相关政策措施。

十一月 3, 2006

 From:http://oedb.org/library/college-basics/research-beyond-google

 “目前被Google收录的网页有80亿之多,但是与不可见的Web内容相比简直不值一提。据估计那些不可见的 Deep Web 的内容是其可见部分的500倍以上。如果要写论文或做课题,仅使用Google是远远不够的。OEDb列出了119个隐藏颇深、内容丰富、权威性高的资源站点。”

Got a research paper or thesis to write? Want to research using the Internet? Good luck. There’s a lot of junk out there — outdated pages, broken links, and inaccurate information. Using Google or the Wikipedia may lead you to some results, but you can rarely be sure of accuracy. And what’s more, you’ll only be searching a fraction of all of the resources available to you.

Google, the largest search database on the planet, currently has around eight billion web pages indexed. That’s a lot of information. But it’s nothing compared to what else is out there. Google can only index the visible web, or searchable web. But the invisible web, or deep web, is estimated to be 500 times bigger than the searchable web. The invisible web comprises databases and results of specialty search engines that the popular search engines simply are not able to index.

Do you think your local or university librarian uses Google? Sure, but certainly not exclusively. In order to start researching like a librarian, you’ll need to explore more authoritative resources, many of which are invisible. Note: Although some of the following resources are visible and indexed, they have all been included here because of their authoritative nature.

$ = Available only by subscription.

Topics Covered in this Article

Deep Web Search Engines | Art | Books Online | Business | Consumer | Economic and Job Data | Finance and Investing | General Research | Government Data | International | Law and Politics | Library of Congress | Medical and Health | Science | Transportation

Deep Web Search Engines

To get started, try using a search engine that specializes in scouring the invisible web for results. None of these can search the entire invisible web, but they make some inroads that Google has not as of yet.

  1. Clusty — A metasearch engine that combines the results of several top search engines.
  2. Intute — A searchable database of trusted sites, reviewed and monitored by subject specialists.
  3. INFOMINE — A virtual library of Internet resources relevant to university students and faculty. Built by librarians from the University of California, California State University, the University of Detoit-Mercy, and Wake Forest University.
  4. Librarians’ Internet Index — A search engine listing sites deemed trustworthy by actual human librarians, not just a Googlebot.
  5. Internet Archive — A database of tens of thousands of movies, live music, audio, texts, and home of the Wayback Machine that allows you to find old versions of web pages, over 55 billion.
  6. direct search — A list of hundreds of specialty databases and search engines. No longer maintained, but still perhaps the most complete list of the deep web.

Art

Hundreds of other museums all over the world have their own databases. This is just a list of the databases for a few of the most popular. Within these databases are descriptions of the work, its location, and an image of the work.

  1. Musée du Louvre — One of the oldest and most famous art galleries in the world. Contains Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa and Alexandros de Antioch’s Venus de Milo.
  2. Guggenheim Museum — A collection of over 160 classical and new artists, searchable by artist name, title, date, movement, medium, concept, and museum.
  3. Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery — A searchable database of more than 80,000 portrait records.
  4. The National Gallery of Art — A searchable catalog of all of the museum’s 110,000 objects, with images of more than 6,000 available online.

Books Online

There are tens of thousands of classic books with full text available online for free. Some authors whose books are available in full text online include Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and Fyodor Dostoevsky.

  1. The Online Books Page — A searchable database of more than 25,000 English works with full text available for free online.
  2. Bibliomania — A searchable database of free online literature from more than 2,000 classic texts.
  3. Project Gutenberg — A searchable online catalog of more than 19,000 free books with full text available online.
  4. The National Academies Press — A searchable directory of 3,000 free books online and 900 for-sale PDFs.
  5. ebrary — A searchable database of more than 20,000 full-text books.

Business

The most accurate quantitative business knowledge often comes from specialty search engines and business directories/databases.

  1. Explorit Now! — A portal allowing searchable access to numerous business journala and databases.
  2. AAAAgencySearch.com — A searchable database of advertising agencies from the American Association of Advertising Agencies.
  3. Agency ComPile — A searchable database of advertising and other marketing agencies.
  4. Kompass — A business to business search engine.
  5. GPO Access Economic Indicators — A portal to economic indicators from January 1998 to present.
  6. CBDNet — A searchable database of materials published by the US Department of Commerce.
  7. Hoover’s — A searchable database of businesses.
  8. ThomasNet — An industrial product search directory.
  9. SBA Loan Data — A database of loan program approval activity from the Small Business Administration.
  10. GuideStar.org — A searchable database of non-profit organizations.

Consumer

For consumers, authoritative product reviews and pricing information often times are hidden in the deep web or among subscription-based reports.

  1. US Consumer Products Safety Commission Recalled Products — A database of recalled products, sortable by company name.
  2. Melissa Data — A directory of complete demographic data, sortable by ZIP code.
  3. Kelley Blue Book — A guide to pricing new and used vehicles.
  4. Edmunds — Another guide to pricing new and used vehicles.
  5. Consumer Reports $ — A guide to consumer product reviews, including cars, appliances, electronics, computers, personal finance, travel, and more.

Economic and Job Data

A wealth of information regarding microeconomic and macroeconomic data is available from government sources and other organizations.

  1. EUROPA Press Release Database — A searchable database of press releases distributed by the European Union.
  2. FreeLunch.com — A searchable directory of free economic data.
  3. Bureau of Labor Statistics — A directory of job-based and consumer economic data from the US Department of Labor.
  4. Salary Wizard Calculator — A tool that shows national average salaries adjusted by location for different jobs.
  5. Economagic — A free economic data directory containing over 200,000 data files.
  6. Penn World Tables — A database of purchasing power parity and national income data for 179 countries for the years 1950-2000.
  7. America’s Job Bank — A searchable database of jobs and resumes.
  8. USAJOBS — A searchable database of federal government jobs.
  9. Regional Economic Conditions (RECON) — A database of economic data available by state, county, and MSA.

Finance and Investing

A variety of web-based investment analysis tools and financial statistics can only be found in the deep web.

  1. Bankrate.com — A directory of interest rates for different types of loans, mortgages, and savings accounts.
  2. InvestIQ — A database of market data from different world regions.
  3. BigCharts — A searchable database of quotes and performance charts for different stocks and mutual funds.
  4. SmartMoney.com Tools — A portal of different stock analysis tools.
  5. NASDAQ Trader — A database of trading data from the NASDAQ stock exchange.
  6. SEC Info — A searchable database of EDGAR SEC filings searchable by name, industry, business, SIC code, area code, topic, CIK, accession number, file number, date, ZIP code, and more.
  7. EDGAR Online — A database of EDGAR SEC filings searchable by ticker or company name.

General Research

These are good places to start researching for background knowledge on any topic. The subscription-based databases will help intensify any research by scouring numerous scholarly journals.

  1. GPO’s Catalog of US Government Publications — A searchable database of federal publications, with links to those available online.
  2. Smithsonian Institution Libraries — A collection of 20 libraries from the world’s largest museum complex.
  3. The National Archives — A list of all of the National Archives’ research tools and databases.
  4. HighWire Press — A searchable catalog of the largest repository of free full-text, peer-reviewed content, from over 900 different journals.
  5. Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) — A catalog of more than 1.2 million bibliographic records, providing links to the full text where available. Sponsored by the US Department of Education and the Institute of Education Sciences.
  6. Encyclopædia Britannica — The authoritative encyclopedia searchable with full text online.
  7. Topix.net — A news search engine.
  8. Internet Public Library — The Internet’s public library. Fully searchable.
  9. San Francisco Public Library - A list of all of the databases offered to SFPL library card holders. Not a California resident? This is just one example of many such local public libraries that offer similar services.
  10. Xrefer $ — A searchable database of 236 titles and over 2.8 million entries.
  11. LexisNexis $ — The world’s largest collection of public records, unpublished opinions, forms, legal, news, and business information. Over 35,000 individual sources are searchable with full-text available online.
  12. Forrester Research $ — An independent technology and market research company, publishing in-depth research reports on a variety of subjects.
  13. Factiva $ — A searchable collection of over 10,000 individual sources.

Government Data

The United States government publishes data on a variety of subjects, some of which is derived from census data or CIA findings.

  1. Copyright Records (LOCIS) — A database of copyright records, searchable by documents, serials, and multimedia (including books, music, films, sound recordings, maps, software, photos, and art).
  2. American FactFinder — A repository of aggregate census bureau data searchable by city, county, or ZIP code.
  3. FedStats — A gateway to statistics from over 100 US federal agencies.
  4. United States Patent and Trademark Office — A database of patent full-text and full-page images.
  5. Historical Census Browser — A data bank of historical US census data dating back to 1790 compiled by the University of Virginia.
  6. Geospatial One Stop — A searchable database of geographic data, displayable on maps.
  7. Grants.gov — A database of grant opportunities, searchable by keyword, funding opportunity number, or CFDA number.
  8. Technology Opportunities Program Grants Database — A database of technology grants, searchable by keyword, state, and year.
  9. United States Government Printing Office (GPO) — A search engine for mutliple government databases, including US budgets, campaign reform hearings, code of federal regulations, congressional bills, unified agendas, and more.
  10. CIA Electronic Reading Room — A searchable database of declassified CIA documents.
  11. POW/MIA Databases and Documents — A datbase of POWs and MIAs information.
  12. ZIP+4 Lookup — A database of US ZIP codes and ZIP+4 codes, searchable by city or address.

International

Data on international economic indicators and demographics are available from US government agencies and international organizations such as World Bank.

  1. International Data Base (IDB) — A computerized data bank of statistical tables and demographic information for 228 countries and areas.
  2. FIRST — A database of military aggression and weapons holdings.
  3. Economics of Tobacco Control — A database of information regarding tobacco usage and policy in over 180 countries.
  4. Country Indicators for Foreign Policy — A directory of statistical tables indicating different countries’ foreign policies.
  5. World Bank Data — A database of key development data and statistics for different countries and worldwide groups.
  6. CIA Factbook — A reference material published by the CIA, containing information on every country in the world.
  7. US International Trade Statistics — A database of international trade statistics, searchable by country or type of good.
  8. US Foreign Trade Highlights — A database of information on US international trade in goods and services.
  9. Energy Information Administration International Energy Data and Analysis — A data bank of energy balances sorted by country.

Law and Politics

Information on Congressional law and other legal and political matters are available online from universities, independent organizations, and the US federal government.

  1. THOMAS (Library of Congress) — A searchable database of legislative information from the Library of Congress.
  2. Law Library of Congress — The largest collection of legal materials in the world, containing over 2 million volumes.
  3. Global Legal Information Network — A searchable public database of laws, regulations, judicial decisions, and other legal sources.
  4. FindLaw — A free legal database with searchable collections of cases and codes, legal news, and an online career center.
  5. Office of Postsecondary Education Security Statistics — A searchable database of college campus crime statistics, sortable by institution type, instructional program, or campus.
  6. Bureau of Justice Statistics — A directory of legal and judicial statistics, ranging from crime to law enforcement to courts and sentencing.
  7. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School — A searchable database of documents in law, history, and diplomacy.
  8. US Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1873 (Library of Congress) — A directory of historical Congressional records, bills, statutes, journals, and debates from LOC’s American Memory.
  9. Lobbying Database — A searchable database of firms who have spent lobbying money from 1998.
  10. Legislative Activities — A directory of the House of Representatives’ bill summary, status, and text, public laws, and roll call votes.
  11. Project Vote Smart — A database of government officials and election candidates, searchable by last name or ZIP code.

Library of Congress

The Library of Congress (LOC) is the largest library in the world and offers catalog descriptions and some full text and images of many of its 130 million items.

  1. Library of Congress — A searchable catalog of the world’s largest library, containing over 130 million items.
  2. Library of Congress Digital Collections — A searchable database of the LOC’s items that have been digitized and fully available online.
  3. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Reading Room — A searchable catalog of the Library of Congress’ prints and photographs. Results include thumbnails of the items.
  4. Library of Congress Online Catalog — The LOC catalog, searchable by title, author, subject, keyword, call number, ISBN, and more.
  5. American Memory — The LOC’s digital record of American history.
  6. Sound Online Inventory and Catalog (SONIC) — A portion of the LOC’s audio collection, searchable by name, title, subject, and keyword.

Medical and Health

Scholarly medical journals as well as government agencies and independent organizations offer a variety of statistical data and other information regarding medicine and health.

  1. PubMed *NEW ADDITION* — A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine that includes over 16 million citations from MEDLINE and other life science journals for biomedical articles back to the 1950s. Includes links to full-text articles and related resources.
  2. Department of Health National Research Register — A searchable database of records of ongoing or completed project funded by or of interest to the UK’s NHS.
  3. National Institutes of Health — A searchable encyclopedia of health topics.
  4. American Hospital Directory — A free searchable directory of US hospital information.
  5. Globalhealthfacts.org — A data bank of world health information, sortable by country, disease, condition, program, or demographic.
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Data and Statistics — A data bank of statistical health information compiled by the CDC.
  7. New England Journal of Medicine $ — A scholarly medical journal with full text of current and past issues available online.

Science

Science journals and databases are searchable through specialty search engines, while real-time geological data is available from the USGS.

  1. ScienceResearch.com — A portal allowing searchable access to numerous scientific journals and databases.
  2. Science.gov — A searchable gateway to authoritative science information provided by US government agencies.
  3. WebCASPAR — A database of science and engineering statistical data resources.
  4. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin — All of Charles Darwin’s published texts, fully searchable and available online.
  5. USGS Real-Time Water Data — A map of the United States showing real-time streamflow and water quality data of the nation’s rivers and reservoirs.
  6. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program — Maps of California, Nevada, the United States, and the World, showing real-time earthquake data.
  7. Ask.com Recent Earthquake Activity — An interactive map of the world, showing real-time earthquake data.
  8. IEEE Publications $ — A database of over 1.4 million documents from the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers.

Transportation

Real-time aviation data as well as historical and current transportation safety information is available from different US federal government agencies.

  1. FAA Flight Delay Information — A map of the United States with flight delay information from the nation’s largest airports.
  2. NTSB Accident Database and Synopses — The National Transportation Safety Board’s database of aviation accidents, ranging from 1962 to present.
  3. NTSB Aviation Accident Statistics — A directory of aggregate aviation accident statistics from the National Transportation Safety Board
  4. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — A database of car and car part defects, searchable by item number or car make and model.
  5. SaferCar.gov — A database of crash test safety ratings for all automobiles since 1990.
  6. fboweb.com — A real-time flight tracking service, with support for Google Earth.
  7. FlightAware — Another free flight tracking service, complete with history, graphs, and maps.
八月 17, 2006

From:http://googlemapsbook.com/2006/08/10/parks-kml-explanation/

Yesterday, I demonstrated a KML file of Ontario Parks. Although this approach has some fairly serious limitations over a full mashup, the portability and ease of deployment make it an excellent choice in some situations.
In this article, I explain how the techniques used to generate the Ontario Parks KML. These are general-purpose tools that could certainly be harnessed to write a map_data file for the book’s Chapter 2 framework.

Developing the Parks KML

The Parks KML file has its origins with an actual mashup at the Ontario Parks website. That mashup reads from a data file (located here) that looks like the following:



...

We need a simple PHP script to grab this data, and generate KML. Each marker node from the original mashup needs to be translated into a KML Placemark, such as the following:


Awenda

http://ontarioparks.com/english/awen.html

-79.991000,44.784600

This conversion is simple enough that we could actually just implement it as an XML transformation, from one format to the next. However, as you could see from the demo, I actually did something slightly more with the Parks example, and that was to grab a blurb and facilities list for each park’s info bubble.

Spidering

To get the park descriptions, I was going to need to actually visit the page for each one. I knew it would take me a number of tries to get all the parsing working correctly, and I don’t want to hammer Ontario Parks, so I took the opportunity to put last week’s quickie session caching CURL class to work.

$url_index = 'http://ontarioparks.com/english/markers.xml';

require('../curl.php');
$curl = new CURL();
$curl->enableCache();

// fetch page, strip HTTP headers
$text_response = strstr($curl->get($url_index), '');
$xml = new SimpleXMLElement($text_response);

Having got the master list of parks in $xml, I could iterate through them with a foreach loop, and build up an array of data on the parks.

$url_base = 'http://www.ontarioparks.com/english/';
$marker_data = array();

foreach($xml->marker as $marker) {
$page = (string)$marker['url'];

// Some parks don't actually have a page.
if ('sorry.html' == $page) {
$desc = '(No data available about this park)‘;
} else {
$page_data = $curl->get($url_base . $page);
// extract info here; build $desc
}

$marker_data[] = array(
‘name’ => (string)$marker[’park’],
‘desc’ => $desc,
‘ll’ => (string)$marker[’lng’] . ‘,’ . (string)$marker[’lat’]
);
}

That first time running through all the 300+ parks was a pretty slow pageview, but after that, they all come from the session cache.—instantaneous *and* guilt-free!

Parsing

With a blob of page text for each park, the next task was to extract the description from it. Ontario Parks may be on the ball with their classy homepage and wordpress blog, but these old park pages are a markup disaster.

When iterating through rational XML, it makes sense to use tools such as SimpleXML and XPath. But when it’s a dog’s breakfast like this, some decisive regexes can end up being the easier approach. If we want to isolate the first description paragraph, for example, from Quetico, we can look at the surrounding markup for some good parsing hooks:


Image of Quetico

Quetico is a protected, pristine wilderness retreat of international acclaim west of Lake Superior on the Canada-U.S. border. The park’s tangled network of lakes once formed water routes travelled by Ojibway and fur traders. Now it is primarily the destination of experienced canoeists seeking solitude and rare glimpses of wildlife by cascading waterfalls, glassy lakes and endless forests. The park is accessible at four points by canoe and two by car (Dawson Trail Campground and Lac la Croix Ranger Station).
Bringing your own supply of firewood to the park this summer? Please read this.
 appears nowhere else but here, which makes it the best candidate we’ve got. This wouldn’t really be acceptable as a permanent solution, but we’re only running this once to generate our file, and we can tweak it as many times as it takes to get it right.
if (preg_match('#
.*?(.*?)

.*?

#is’, $page_data, $match)) {
$paragraph = trim(strip_tags($match[1]));
}

That regex may look scary as night, but the key part is that it grabs the first paragraph inside the specified td, and dot meta-character can include newlines. I only strip_tags it to get rid of the image, from those parks that have it.

Scraping out the activities and facilities is slightly more involved, but it’s the same principle at work, only in two stages. The first stage grabs the table surrounding them, and then a preg_match_all snatches each individual one. You can see it in action in the full code link at the bottom of the post. If there’s interest, I’ll put up a future article about regular expressions, specifically tailored to the art of scraping.

KML Output

Once I had everything in the big $marker_data array, it was just a matter of doing the actual generating KML part. You can see that I use short tags here, since it’s a template situation. You shouldn’t use them in portable code, but if it’s your own scripts, it can really turn up the readability and help distinguish PHP from markup.

'; ?>

Ontario Parks

]]>

It would have been possible to use SimpleXML or DOM to generate this XML, but it’s a fairly simple example

Saving To A File

When I was debugging all this, I’d let it simply output to the browser, where I could make a visual inspection. Once it came time to run it on Google Maps and Google Earth, I had it saved to a file for me, a task most easily accompished with output buffering:

 // start buffering

// do output ...

Once the file ends, the buffer gets written out to the screen anyways, but it’s also captured and saved to a file.

Limitations of KML

As stated yesterday, there are some fairly significant limitations on KML, particularly in the Google Maps implementation. The most glaring of these is the filesize limit, which could be overcome in part by just sending the points in batches and withholding infoWindow contents until specifically requested. Other points to consider:

  • You can’t use custom icons. There are 250 common ones that ship with Maps and Earth, which you can reference, although we didn’t bother in this case. This is a limitation that will hopefully be lifted in the near future, especially given that KML can already make external image references for overlays.
  • You can’t control everything. For example, the name field will become a tooltip in Earth, but it’s only a sidebar label in Maps. It is possible to do tooltips in a full mashup, of course, as demonstrated in Chapter 8 of the book, but the Maps implementation of KML doesn’t include this yet.
  • You can’t use JavaScript in the information bubbles, nor can you use the Google Maps tabbed infowindow. It would have been cool to also grab each park’s photograph, as well as the information about facilities and activities, but this data simply wouldn’t all fit in a single infowindow.

These limitations may be frustrating, but they’re hardly deal-breakers. For those dozens of mashups where you only need a few simple points plotted, why not just publish KML?

Full source here: Generate.php